Cancer News Information

The field of genetics has witnessed revolutionary new technologies and trends in the last decade. One of the groundbreaking breakthroughs is the next generation sequencing. This technology has equipped the researchers for determining the DNA sequences of entire genomes of bacteria. This has led to the evolution of metagenomics which is a field to study sequencing the genetic makeup for an entire community. Small samples of microbes are extracted and their combined DNA is studied using next generation sequencing.

Inarguably the most significant technological advances in the biotechnology sphere, this technique has allowed experts to simultaneously sequence several genomes in a single instrument in less than two weeks. The targeted methods for DNA enrichment allow higher genome throughput at a much lower cost per sample. The technique is now being implemented in the cancer field to study its genetic aspects. Over the span of a few years only, next generation sequencing has matured to the point where it is being run routinely by the leading laboratories of the world for diagnostic purposes. The main attractions of the technique are the sophisticated sensitivity, the speed and the reduced expenditure per sample.

The next generation sequencing

The experimental samples can be collated from any biotic or abiotic ecosystem such as soil, water etc. They can also be acquired from extreme environments such as arctic or hot springs. These contain millions of microbes and fungi which cohabitate together. The sample is then analysed and then sequencing occurs as per the desired needs.

Next generation sequencing basically deals with the ability to sequence massive DNA templates on parallel basis. These help carry the evolution process from second and third generations form the first generation 'Sanger' sequencing. To achieve this, the second generation platforms deploy amplification by cloning of DNA on a support matrix which is followed by cyclic sequencing. There are numerous benefits of this procedure.

Some of these are:

• Reduced costs
• Removal of PCR bias
• High speed
• Sensitivity

However, this is to be noted that the technique is still maturing and it is likely to rival the second generation techniques in a few years and enter mainstream medical arena.

The motivators of next generation sequencing

• Identification of species

One of the main purposes of studying next generation sequencing is to identify species. The technique has eliminated the limit of laboratory by sequencing the bacterial colonies into communal groups. The high end software developments have allowed the processing of sequenced data into individual bacterial genomes and their identification.

• Provision of simplified understanding of the ecosystem of samples

The metagenomic study has enabled the scientists to gain better insights in the environment of the sustaining bacteria. This gives a better understanding of the physiology and structure of the breeding species. This helps in derivation better results and in depth analysis into the mutual relationship which aids the co-existence of both species.

Thus, next generation sequencing helps in understanding the existence of biospheres. This, in turn helps deduce important information in the field of medicinal biology. With the help of this technique, the scientists are able to develop effective medicines and vaccines for the pathogens. Over time, the technique may even prove valuable in the other bioinformatics fields.

Cancer is one of the diseases that have been on the rise in the recent years. There are different types of cancer and this means that their signs and symptoms also vary depending on the area or body part that is prone to the disease. Just like any other disease early detection and diagnosis of cancer can assist in containing the disease in its early stages before spreading to other parts of the body. This is why awareness campaigns are carried out for people to take self tests as well as visit health facilities for them to know early enough whether they could be having a particular type of cancer or not. Here are some of the symptoms that should act as warning signs and which should be cleared by visiting a medical practitioner for verification purposes.

(a) A lump in the breast is one of the signs that women are advised to look at for at all times. This can be detected through self examination at home as long as you know how to do it. Any lump in the body which keeps growing should also be medically examined to rule out any chances of cancer disease.

(b) Persistent cough that lasts for over three weeks should be a reason for concern especially if you are under medication. This can be accompanied by chest pains and breathlessness. Though there are other diseases that exhibit the same signs and symptoms it is better to get thorough check ups

(c) Problems with the bowels should be checked as well especially in situations where there is constant bloating of the stomach, pain in the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea and traces of blood in your stool.

(d) Any signs of bleeding in between your menses for the women should be checked. The same goes for conditions where a person vomits or coughs blood or notices blood in the urine.

(e) Moles of any size should be brought to the attention of a physician who will be able to determine whether it is malignant or not. Do not assume it just because it is not itchy.

(f) If you notice a drastic change in your body weight it is important to ask a professional especially if it is not as a result of the exercise program you just started or stress.

(g) Difficulty in swallowing can be a symptom to other diseases but it should not be ignored because it could also be a sign of GI cancer.

Summary

The above mentioned symptoms may be shared by other types of ailments and diseases. This is why it is advisable to seek medical attention to know exactly the condition that you are suffering from. Do not administer self diagnosis and prescription because instead of making things better you could be making them worse. It is only a medic with the right qualification that can diagnose and recommend treatment for cancer.

There are many reports that have been introduced regarding cancer prevention. Cancer is still undergoing extensive research and there are no clear cut lines on how to prevent the disease. However, there are certain lifestyle choices that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. This is because they tend to boost immune system and make you healthy overall. Below are some simple lifestyle changes that you can incorporate to help prevent cancer.

First, avoid using tobacco products. Tobacco will increase your risk of developing different types of cancer such as lung, bladder and kidney cancer. When you chew tobacco, you are increasing the risk of getting pancreatic cancer or cancer of the oral cavity. Remember that expose to second hand tobacco smoke can also put you at risk. You need to seek help if you are willing to quit tobacco but you cannot on your own. There are a number of products in the market which can help you to stop tobacco dependency.

Secondly, incorporate the right foods in your diet. You need to take plenty of fruits and vegetables. Foods from plant sources will improve liver function and boost your immunity. Avoid high fat foods because it enhances the risk of obesity which is known to increase the risk of cancer. Avoid drinking excessive alcohol because it may cause liver cancer.

Thirdly, remain physically active and you will reduce the risk of cancer. Cancer prevention and physical activity have been linked by many researchers. Ideally, you should engage in 30 minutes of activity every day. You can combine vigorous activities and moderate activities. If you are able to exercise more than 30 minutes a day, it will help you increase immune system even more.

You also need to protect yourself from harsh sunlight which is likely to cause skin cancer. The sun rays are the strongest between 10am and 4pm so you should try and stay in the shade during these hours. Wear clothes that cover your skin and opt for dark or bright colors which reflect UV rays as opposed to bleached cotton clothes. Always put on your sun screen and avoid tanning beds and sunlamps.

You also need to protect yourself by avoiding risky behaviors. People who have conditions like HIV and AIDS are likely to experience cancer of the anus, lung and liver. HIV tends to suppress your immune system so you are more prone to infections. You should boost immune system by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and staying away from irresponsible behaviors which will put you at risk of acquiring HPV and HIV virus.

Lastly, it is always important to take your medical checkups very seriously. Getting proper medical care will help in cancer prevention. The physician will perform the right tests whenever you encounter an illness so that the cancer is detected early enough. Visit the doctor whenever you have a body issue, don't ignore it or treat it on your own using over the counter medication. All these tips will help to increase immune system and prevent cancer.

The American Cancer Society projects that in 2013, nearly 73,000 new bladder cancer diagnoses occur. Most of the cases--nearly 55,000 will occur in men--about 18,000 in women. New diagnoses rates have stabilized in the last few years and have even dropped slightly in women. A bladder cancer diagnosis isn't an automatic death sentence. There are over a half a million bladder cancer survivors in America today.

Surviving Bladder Cancer

A common question most patients ask after a diagnosis relates to survival rates. Like many other cancers, bladder cancer survival rates correlate to the stage of cancer present. While statistics represent a massive amount of patients studied over several years, each person's situation is different and many factors contribute to a person's survival.

The most recent study, according to the American Cancer Society, yields positive survival rates for patients diagnosed with stage zero (98%) or stage one (88%) bladder cancer. As expected, survival rates tend to decline depending on the advanced stage of diagnosed cancer. The rates are:

• Stage two: 63%
• Stage three: 46%
• Stage four: 15%

Keep in mind that these statistics reflect thousands of patients studied over time. Some people who don't get diagnosed until stage four survive and live for years afterward.

Risk Factors

It's unclear what causes bladder cancer, but certain risk factors raise the likelihood of developing cancer. These risk factors include:

• Smoking
• Growing older
• Being Caucasian
• Being male
• Prior cancer treatments
• Certain diabetes medications
• Recurring inflammation in the bladder from infection and other disorders
• Family history

Like many other cancers, a patient may not meet any of these criteria and develop cancer.

Types of Bladder Cancer

Cancer occurs when cells inside the bladder start growing abnormally, meaning they don't divide and grow like other cells. These cells don't die like typical cells and result in a tumor. There are three types of cells in the bladder that may mutate into cancer. The type of cell where the cancer originates dictates the type of cancer a patient has. Some cancer patients' cases consist of multiple cell cancers.

When cancer originates in the cells that line the interior wall of the bladder, the resulting cancer is transitional cell carcinoma. This type of cells stretches and shrinks according to the amount of urine present in the bladder and make up the interior of the urethra and ureters. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed cancer.

Squamous cells are found in the bladder when an infection or inflammation present. When these cells mutate, squamous cell carcinoma occurs. This type of cancer is rare in the U.S., but much more common in areas of the world where parasitic infection rates are higher.

Another rare form, adenocarcinoma, occurs in the mucous-making cells in the bladder.

Bladder Cancer Symptoms

The symptoms of this cancer closely mimic the symptoms present in a bladder infection. This might be part of the reason that diagnosis is delayed because patients see a physician for symptoms and are treated for an infection rather than cancer. Symptoms are:

• Urine that's bright red, looks like dark soda, or very dark yellow
• Urinating often
• Pain when urinating
• Pain in the back or pelvis

Any time a patient experiences symptoms that are concerning, a visit to the doctor is needed, especially if symptoms persist for a long period of time.

A cancer diagnosis almost always leads to a multi-pronged approach to treatment. Many patients undergo surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, and various holistic strategies may be explored as well. On top of these options, nutritional changes can improve the success rate of more traditional treatments. Cancer center staffs often include nutritionists who guide patients to healthy and helpful food choices.

Nutrition is important for individuals who are fighting cancerous diseases because the right kinds of foods can lend the body strength during and after medical treatments. Additionally, some foods can help the body fight and prevent the formation of malicious cells. However, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery can affect the appetite and make nutritional choices difficult. Professionals such as those who work at a cancer center can help patients navigate difficulties and develop a balanced, beneficial diet.

Well-balanced diets can aid patients in maintaining a healthy weight and fighting side effects during treatment. It is important for individuals undergoing chemotherapy and radiation to receive a variety of nutrients, including fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Phytonutrients, the nutrients gained from plant products, and antioxidants are also key elements in the diets of oncology patients. Many nutritionists believe that nutrients from the plant, as opposed to the animal, kingdom are more helpful in fighting dangerous cells. Antioxidants can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, and they attack free radicals, preventing them from harming healthy cells.

Various nutritional adjustments may be used to combat common side effects and complications encountered during the course of treatment. For example, diarrhea and stomach cramping can be addressed with a temporary, low-fiber diet. Patients with compromised immune systems are advised to eat well-cooked, carefully prepared foods and avoid cross-contamination. Nausea, dry mouth, and mouth or throat sores may present dietary complications as well. Liquid meals or easy-to-eat foods such as soft fruits can provide necessary nutritional elements without causing pain. Each side effect presents its own challenge, but dietary solutions are available.

Cancer center patients who meet with professional nutritionists are asked to provide a comprehensive look at their unique circumstances. Every oncology patient has an individual set of symptoms, treatments, and concerns. For each patient, there are nutritional recommendations for the time leading up to treatment, during treatment, and after treatment. Before treatment, the focus falls on feeling as well as possible and eating foods that build strength. During treatment, foods that manage and prevent side effects are most important, and after treatment, strength-building foods to help the patient move forward are most recommended.

Nutritional requirements vary from patient to patient, and especially children or elderly individuals may require different nourishment than an adult patient. However, the principles of using healthy, well-balanced diets to manage cancerous cells and side effects span across most patients. While radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery may be the first line of combat, nutritional planning can contribute to healing.

Cancer-termed as the "Emperor of Maladies" is one of the most widespread non-communicable disease present in the modern day world. Many millions of individuals are diagnosed with this incurable disease, every day in different regions of the world.

Many people do not understand the exact nature of this disease, all they know is that this is a disease which when it grabs hold of a person, always leads to the demise of the individual.

But, how is it caused? Does everyone have the potential to act as preferable hosts for this brutal disease?
Cancer is usually genetically transferred from parent to offspring. Many individuals have several genes called as cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes which when exposed to certain conditions get activated and lead to oncogenic transformation of cells.

There are two types of tumors- benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not very dangerous, in the theoretical sense, as they do not spread from their initial location to other areas of the body. Malignant tumors on the other hand are highly dangerous and lead to certain forms of cancer. These tumors have the most feared property of tumors- metastasis. By this property, cells of the tumor that are sloughed off,and travel to other regions of the body, through the blood. Wherever these cells get lodged in the body, they form new tumors and this leads to cancer.

Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition- the property that inhibits the division of the cells when in contact with neighbouring cells. Cancer cells, it seems, has lost this property of normal cells.

Due to the loss of this property, cancer cells rapidly divide, taking up the space of the surrounding cells and thus prevent them from obtaining sufficient nutrients. This further decreases the functioning capability of the surrounding normal cells. As this continues, the patient's body is unable to carry out the essential life activities and thus cause different symptoms like difficulty in breathing( as in the case of lung cancer) or inability to digest the ingested food substances(in the case of stomach or duodenum cancer).

But how does one diagnose cancer? Now-a-days certain scans like CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are done to detect cancer of the internal organs. Histopathological studies are also conduced to detect cancer of the tissues and organs.

Due to modern day technology, certain chemicals are used in chemotherapy and radiation therapy which are used to kill the dangerous cancer cells. But a disadvantage of this method is that it does not differentiate between cancer cells and normal body cells and tends to kill these normal cells too. Side-effects also include anaemia, hair loss and extreme tiredness.

But the most important thing that most of the people diagnosed with this incurable malady just need a lot of support from their families.

It would be an insult for me to write this article on the preposition that none of you have strong relationships - nor had strong relationships prior to beginning your cancer journey. I know for a fact that this is NOT the case. However, let me spend just a few minutes reminding all of us what makes these strong relationships so important and why, at this critical time in your lives, building more of these relationships will be part of your "life-strength".

As humans, we are physical, spiritual and emotional. Our social lives are tied to all three of these. It makes sense then, that during times of crisis and illness we often find our social lives greatly impacted for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most obvious is the need to stay away from the hosts of germs that permeate social gatherings during treatment. Additionally, it has been my experience, that close friends whom you have had strong relationships with prior to cancer may find it difficult to know what to say and do to encourage you during this time - and consequently pull away some. Or, you may find that YOU are beginning to pull away because it feels like you are being selfish that every conversation centers on you. A valid and important reason relationships may suffer is that you are putting all your effort into being pronounced cancer clean and in full remission. As imperative as this is - that leaves little time for nurturing the social part of you.

Recently I was on a walk with a dear friend. We were enjoying the beautiful summer evening in Colorado as we walked and chatted. At one point my friend she shared how our time together was a reminder to her that in the recent hubbub of her life she has not spent as much time as she should building and growing relationships with her friends and family. Her youngest daughter was just married last weekend and what a celebration of love it was! However, the wedding was quite large, and to save on money, she did much of the wedding planning. Her spring was consumed with this wedding. I am not equating her spring to your cancer journey, but there are some similarities, particularly in the case of being focused on one thing in your life to the exclusion of other parts of your life.

God created us as whole beings. If we focus too intently on any one part of our life the other parts suffer. While engaging in the biggest fight of your life physically, spiritually and emotionally, it is imperative that you do not allow the social part to atrophy. Physical, spiritual and emotional strength are intimately tied to the strength of our social lives.

Take a few moments this month to reflect on the social part of your life and write down a few people you would like to contact and/or see. Then beside that person's name write some specific things you can ask them about, such as what is going on in their lives currently - or things to reminisce about. Between now and the end of 2013 go down that list - as you have the time and energy - and stay connected, reconnect or begin connecting. Your body will thank you for it!